The bioremediation process uses microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and plants to break down contaminants into less harmful substances. It works by either stimulating naturally occurring microbes or introducing new ones, often by adding nutrients or oxygen to create a favourable environment. The microbes then metabolize the pollutants as an energy source, converting them into harmless byproducts such as water, carbon dioxide, and non-toxic organic compounds.

Steps of the Bioremediation Process

Microbial contact:

Microorganisms, either naturally present or introduced, come into contact with the contaminants in the soil or water.

Environmental conditioning:

A suitable environment is created for the microbes to thrive. This can involve adding oxygen, moisture, nutrients, or adjusting pH levels.

Enzyme action:

The microorganisms secrete enzymes that degrade the complex pollutants into simpler, less harmful substances.

Metabolism:

The microbes use these simpler substances as a food source, breaking them down into harmless byproducts like water, carbon dioxide, and non-toxic acids.

Pollutant removal:

The final result is the removal, reduction, or stabilization of the original pollutant.

Key Techniques

Biostimulation:

Enhancing the growth of naturally occurring microbes by providing them with necessary nutrients and oxygen.

Bioaugmentation:

Introducing specific, sometimes genetically engineered, microorganisms to the contaminated site to supplement the existing microbial population.

Phytoremediation:

Using plants to absorb, stabilize, or degrade contaminants in the soil or water.